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<title>Discovery Program</title>

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Discovery Program

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Space Shuttle Discovery</a> or <a href="CORONA_(satellite)#Discoverer" title="CORONA (satellite)">CORONA (satellite) § Discoverer</a>.</div>

The Discovery Program is a series of <a href="Solar_System_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar System exploration">Solar System exploration</a> missions funded by the U.S. <a href="National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA) through its <a href="Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Planetary Missions Program Office</a>. The cost of each mission is capped at a lower level than missions from NASA's <a href="New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a> or <a href="Flagship_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagship Program">Flagship</a> Programs. As a result, Discovery missions tend to be more focused on a specific scientific goal rather than serving a general purpose.

The Discovery Program was founded in 1990. Existing NASA programs had specified mission targets and objectives in advance, then sought bidders to construct and operate them. In contrast, Discovery missions are solicited through a <a href="Call_for_proposals" class="mw-redirect" title="Call for proposals">call for proposals</a> on any science topic and assessed through <a href="Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a>. Selected missions are led by a scientist called the <a href="Principal_investigator" title="Principal investigator">principal investigator</a> (PI) and may include contributions from industry, universities or government laboratories.

The Discovery Program also includes Missions of Opportunity, which fund U.S. participation in spacecraft operated by other space agencies, for example by contributing a single <a href="Scientific_instrument" title="Scientific instrument">scientific instrument</a>. It can also be used to re-purpose an existing NASA spacecraft for a new mission.

As of June 2021, the most recently selected Discovery missions were <a href="VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a> and <a href="DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a>, the fifteenth and sixteenth missions in the program.<a href="#cite_note-nasataps-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

In 1989, NASA's Solar System Exploration Division began to define a new strategy for Solar System exploration up to the year 2000. This included a Small Mission Program Group that investigated missions that would be low cost and allow focused scientific questions to be addressed in shorter time than existing programs. The result was a request for rapid studies of potential missions and NASA committed funding in 1990. The new program was called "Discovery".<a href="#cite_note-History-3">[3]</a>

The panel assessed several concepts that could be implemented as low-cost programs, selecting <a href="NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a> which became the first launch in the Discovery Program on February 17, 1996. The second mission, <a href="Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a>, launched on December 4, 1996, carried the <a href="Sojourner_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Sojourner rover">Sojourner rover</a> to Mars.<a href="#cite_note-History-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missions">Missions</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">Asteroid <a href="253_Mathilde" title="253 Mathilde">253 Mathilde</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Mars Pathfinder's view of <a href="Ares_Vallis" title="Ares Vallis">Ares Vallis</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Animation of the rotation of 433 Eros.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">MESSENGER imaging Mercury's surface hollows at <a href="Sholem_Aleichem_(crater)" title="Sholem Aleichem (crater)">Sholem Aleichem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">InSight lander in assembly (April 2015, NASA)</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standalone_missions">Standalone missions</h3></div>

<caption>Standalone Discovery Program missions

</caption>

<th scope="col">No.

</th>

<th scope="col">Name

</th>

<th scope="col">Targets

</th>

<th scope="col">Launch date

</th>

<th scope="col">Rocket

</th>

<th scope="col">Launch mass

</th>

<th scope="col">First science

</th>

<th scope="col">Status

</th>

<th scope="col">Principal investigator

</th>

<th scope="col">Cost (million USD)

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">1

</th>

<th><a href="NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a>

</th>

<td><a href="433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a> (lander), <a href="253_Mathilde" title="253 Mathilde">253 Mathilde</a>

</td>

<td>February 17, 1996

</td>

<td><a href="Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> 7925-8

</td>

<td>800 kg (1,800 lb)

</td>

<td>June 1997

</td>

<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Completed in 2001

</td>

<td>Andrew Cheng (<a href="Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">APL</a>)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="9">Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous – Shoemaker (named after <a href="Eugene_Shoemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Shoemaker">Eugene Shoemaker</a>) was the first man-made object to both orbit and land on an asteroid. It carried many scientific instruments designed to study both <a href="253_Mathilde" title="253 Mathilde">253 Mathilde</a> and <a href="433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a>, such as a magnetometer, multi spectral imager, and an x-ray/gamma ray spectrometer. After a February 17, 1996, launch, it performed a flyby of <a href="253_Mathilde" title="253 Mathilde">253 Mathilde</a> on June 27, 1997, and an Earth flyby in 1998. It flew by <a href="433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a> once in 1998, before a second approach allowed it to enter orbit around Eros of February 14, 2000. After nearly a year of orbital observations, the spacecraft was landed on the asteroid on February 12, 2001, and continued to function successfully after touching down softly at under 2 m/s, becoming the first probe to soft-land on an asteroid. The probe continued to emit signals until February 28, 2001, and the final attempt to communicate with the spacecraft was on December 10, 2002.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">2

</th>

<th><a href="Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> (rover)

</td>

<td>December 4, 1996

</td>

<td><a href="Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> 7925

</td>

<td>890 kg (1,960 lb)

</td>

<td>July 4, 1997

</td>

<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Completed in 1998

</td>

<td>Joseph Boyce (<a href="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a>)

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="9"><a href="Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> was a lander and rover designed to study <a href="Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>'s geology and climate, as well as to demonstrate rover technology on another planet. It launched about a month after the <a href="Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a>, on December 4, 1996. After entering the Martian atmosphere, the hypersonic capsule deployed a complex landing system including a parachute and an airbag to hit the surface at 14 m/s. The lander deployed the <a href="Sojourner_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Sojourner rover">Sojourner rover</a>, weighing (10.5 kg), on the Martian surface on July 5, 1997, on Mars's <a href="Ares_Vallis" title="Ares Vallis">Ares Vallis</a>, thus becoming the first rover to operate outside the Earth-Moon system. It carried a series of scientific instruments to analyze the Martian atmosphere, climate, geology and the composition of its rocks and soil. It completed its primary and extended mission and after over 80 days, the last signal was sent on September 27, 1997. The mission was terminated on March 10, 1998.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">3

</th>

<th><a href="Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a>

</th>

</td>

<td>January 7, 1998

</td>

<td><a href="Athena_II" title="Athena II">Athena II</a> [Star-3700S]

</td>

<td>296 kg (653 lb)

</td>

<td>January 16, 1998

</td>

<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Completed in 1999

</td>

<td>Alan Binder<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-10">[10]</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="9"><a href="Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a> was a lunar orbiter to characterize the lunar mineralogy, including polar ice deposits, measure magnetic and gravitational fields, and study lunar outgassing events. After preliminary mappings, it achieved the targeted primary Lunar orbit on January 16. The primary mission in this orbit lasted one year until January 28, 1999, followed up by a half-year extended mission in a lower orbit for higher resolution. On July 31, 1999, it deliberately impacted into the <a href="Shoemaker_(lunar_crater)" title="Shoemaker (lunar crater)">Shoemaker</a> crater near the Lunar South pole in an attempt to produce water vapor plumes that would be observable from Earth.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-10">[10]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">4

</th>

<th><a href="Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a>

</th>

<td><a href="81P/Wild" title="81P/Wild">81P/Wild</a> (sample collect), <a href="5535_Annefrank" title="5535 Annefrank">5535 Annefrank</a>, <a href="Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">Tempel 1</a>

</td>

<td>February 7, 1999

</td>

<td><a href="Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> 7426-9.5

</td>

<td>391 kg (862 lb)

</td>

<td>November 2, 2002

</td>

<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Completed in 2011

</td>

<td><a href="Donald_Brownlee" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Brownlee">Donald Brownlee</a> (<a href="University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">UW</a>)

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="9"><a href="Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a> was a mission to collect interstellar dust and dust particles from the nucleus of comet <a href="81P/Wild" title="81P/Wild">81P/Wild</a> for study on <a href="Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. After a flyby of Earth and then of asteroid <a href="5535_Annefrank" title="5535 Annefrank">5535 Annefrank</a> in November 2002, it performed a flyby of comet Wild 2 in January 2004, during which the Sample Collection plate collected dust grain samples from the <a href="Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">coma</a>. Samples were stored in a return capsule which landed on Earth on January 15, 2006. Scientists worldwide are currently studying the comet dust samples while citizen scientists are attempting to find interstellar dust bits through the <a href="Stardust%40home" title="Stardust@home">Stardust@home</a> project, and in 2014, scientists announced the identification of possible <a href="Interstellar_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar dust">interstellar dust</a> particles. Meanwhile, the spacecraft was diverted for a flyby of <a href="Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">Tempel 1</a> comet, as part of <a href="Stardust_(spacecraft)#New_Exploration_of_Tempel_1_(NExT)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust-NExT</a> extension, to observe the crater left by Deep Impact. Stardust did a final burn to deplete its remaining fuel on March 21, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">5

</th>

<th><a href="Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">Solar wind</a> (collect at Sun–Earth L1)

</td>

<td>August 8, 2001

</td>

<td><a href="Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> 7326

</td>

<td>494 kg (1,089 lb)(dry)

</td>

<td>December 3, 2001

</td>

<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Completed in 2004

</td>

<td>Donald Burnett (<a href="California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a>)<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-16">[16]</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="9"><a href="Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a> was a mission to collect <a href="Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> charged particles for analysis on Earth. After reaching L1 orbit on November 16, 2001,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> it collected solar wind for 850 days between 2001 and 2004. It left <a href="Lissajous_orbit" title="Lissajous orbit">Lissajous orbit</a> and began its return to Earth on April 22, 2004,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> but on September 8, 2004, the sample-return capsule's parachute failed to deploy, and the capsule crashed into the Utah desert. However, solar wind samples were salvaged and are available for study. Despite the hard landing, Genesis has met or anticipates meeting all of its baseline science objectives.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">6

</th>

<th><a href="CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Comet_Encke" title="Comet Encke">Encke</a>, <a href="Schwassmann-Wachmann-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwassmann-Wachmann-3">Schwassmann-Wachmann-3</a>

</td>

<td>July 3, 2002

</td>

<td><a href="Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> 7425 [Star-30BP]

</td>

<td>398 kg (877 lb)

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td style="background: #FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-failure">Disintegrated after launch

</td>

<td><a href="Joseph_Veverka" title="Joseph Veverka">Joseph Veverka</a> (<a href="Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a>)<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="9">Comet Nucleus Tour was a mission to visit and study at least 2 comets. On August 15, 2002, the spacecraft disintegrated during a planned maneuver that was intended to propel it out of Earth orbit and into its comet-chasing solar orbit. The investigation board concluded the probable cause was structural failure of the spacecraft due to plume heating during the Star-30 solid-rocket motor burn.<a href="#cite_note-History-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-22">[22]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">7

</th>

<th><a href="MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, <a href="Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>

</td>

<td>August 3, 2004

</td>

<td><a href="Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> 7925H-9.5

</td>

<td>1,108 kg (2,443 lb)

</td>

<td>August 2005

</td>

<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Completed in 2015

</td>

<td><a href="Sean_Solomon" title="Sean Solomon">Sean Solomon</a> (<a href="Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">APL</a>)<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2004-23">[23]</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="9">Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging was an orbiter which conducted the first orbital study of Mercury. Its science goals were to provide the first images of the entire planet and collect detailed information on the composition and structure of Mercury's crust, its geologic history, the nature of its thin atmosphere and active magnetosphere, and the makeup of its core and polar materials. It was only the second spacecraft to flyby Mercury, after <a href="Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a> in 1975. After one Earth flyby, two of Venus and three of Mercury, it finally entered orbit around Mercury on March 18, 2011. The primary science mission began on April 4, 2011, and lasted until March 17, 2012. It achieved 100% mapping of Mercury on March 6, 2013, and completed its first year-long extended mission on March 17, 2013. After another mission extension, the spacecraft ran out of propellant and was deorbited on April 30, 2015.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2004-23">[23]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">8

</th>

<th><a href="Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">Tempel 1</a> (impactor), <a href="103P/Hartley" title="103P/Hartley">103P/Hartley</a>

</td>

<td>January 12, 2005

</td>

<td><a href="Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> 7925

</td>

<td>650 kg (1,430 lb)

</td>

<td>April 25, 2005

</td>

<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Completed in 2013

</td>

<td><a href="Michael_A'Hearn" title="Michael A'Hearn">Michael A'Hearn</a> (<a href="University_of_Maryland%2C_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">UMD</a>)<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2005-26">[26]</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="9"><a href="Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a> was a space probe launched with the goal to both flyby and impact the comet <a href="Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">Tempel 1</a>. It was launched from <a href="Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a> on January 12, 2005. The spacecraft released a 350 kg impactor into the path of comet <a href="Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">Tempel 1</a> on July 3, 2005, and the impact occurred on July 4, 2005, releasing an energy equivalent of 4.7 tons of <a href="TNT" title="TNT">TNT</a>. The resulting impact plume was observed by the spacecraft and other space-based observatories. The 2007 Stardust spacecraft NExT mission determined the resulting crater's diameter to be 150 meters (490 ft). After the successful completion of its mission, the main spacecraft was put in hibernation before being reactivated for a new mission designated <a href="EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a>. On November 4, 2010, it performed a flyby of comet <a href="103P/Hartley" title="103P/Hartley">Hartley 2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2005-26">[26]</a> In 2012 it performed long-distance observations of comet Garradd <a href="Gordon_J._Garradd" title="Gordon J. Garradd">C/2009 P1</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and in 2013 of <a href="Comet_ISON" title="Comet ISON">Comet ISON</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Contact was abruptly lost in August 2013, later attributed to a <a href="Year_2000_problem" title="Year 2000 problem">Y2K</a>-like integer overflow software bug.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">9

</th>

</th>

<td><a href="4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">4 Vesta</a>, <a href="Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>

</td>

<td>September 27, 2007

</td>

<td><a href="Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> 7925H

</td>

<td>1,218 kg (2,685 lb)

</td>

<td>May 3, 2011

</td>

<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Completed in 2018

</td>

<td><a href="Christopher_T._Russell" title="Christopher T. Russell">Christopher T. Russell</a> (<a href="University_of_California%2C_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a>)<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="9"><a href="Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a> was the first spacecraft to orbit two extraterrestrial bodies, the two most massive objects of the <a href="Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>: the <a href="Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet">protoplanet</a> <a href="4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a> and the <a href="Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a> <a href="Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>. The spacecraft employed highly efficient <a href="Ion_thrusters" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion thrusters">ion thrusters</a>, with just 425 kg of <a href="Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> for the entire mission after escaping Earth. After a 2009 Mars flyby, it entered orbit around Vesta on July 16, 2011. It entered its lowest Vesta orbit on December 8, 2011, and after a year-long Vesta mission of observing surface terrain and mineral composition, left its orbit on September 5, 2012. It entered Ceres's orbit on March 6, 2015, becoming the first spacecraft to visit a <a href="Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a>, and began its lowest orbit on December 16. In June 2016 it was approved for an extended mission at Ceres.<a href="#cite_note-NewSci2012-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-dawn_timetable-34">[34]</a> On October 19, 2017, NASA announced that the mission would be extended until its hydrazine fuel ran out,<a href="#cite_note-:3-35">[35]</a> which occurred on October 31, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The spacecraft is currently in an uncontrolled orbit around Ceres.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">10

</th>

<th><a href="Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a>

</th>

<td>transiting <a href="Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanet</a> survey

</td>

<td>March 7, 2009

</td>

<td><a href="Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> 7925-10L

</td>

<td>1,052 kg (2,319 lb)

</td>

<td>May 12, 2009

</td>

<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Completed in 2018

</td>

<td><a href="William_Borucki" class="mw-redirect" title="William Borucki">William Borucki</a> (<a href="Ames_Research_Center" title="Ames Research Center">NASA Ames</a>)

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="9"><a href="Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a> was a <a href="Space_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Space observatory">space observatory</a> named after <a href="Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> in a heliocentric, Earth-trailing orbit tasked to explore the structure and diversity of <a href="Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanet</a> systems, with a special emphasis on the detection of Earth-size planets in orbit around stars outside the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Initially planned for 3.5 years, the spacecraft functioned for about 10 years, including a K2 "Second Light" mission extension with reduced precision owing to failing <a href="Reaction_wheel" title="Reaction wheel">reaction wheels</a>. By 2015, the spacecraft had detected over 2,300 confirmed planets,<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150106-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> including <a href="Hot_Jupiter" title="Hot Jupiter">hot Jupiters</a>, <a href="Super-Earth" title="Super-Earth">super-Earths</a>, <a href="Circumbinary_planet" title="Circumbinary planet">circumbinary planets</a>, and planets located in the <a href="Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">circumstellar habitable zones</a> of their host stars. In addition, Kepler detected over 3,600 unconfirmed planet candidates<a href="#cite_note-wall-2013-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-keplersite-43">[43]</a> and over 2,000 <a href="Eclipsing_binary_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsing binary star">eclipsing binary stars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-keplersite-43">[43]</a> The telescope was retired on October 30, 2018, after depleting its fuel.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">11

</th>

<th><a href="Gravity_Recovery_and_Interior_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory">GRAIL</a>

</th>

</td>

<td>September 10, 2011

</td>

<td><a href="Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> 7920H-10C

</td>

<td>307 kg (677 lb)

</td>

<td>March 7, 2012

</td>

<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Completed in 2012

</td>

<td><a href="Maria_Zuber" title="Maria Zuber">Maria Zuber</a> (<a href="Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>)

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="9">Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory was a Moon orbiter that provided higher-quality <a href="Gravitational_field" title="Gravitational field">gravitational field</a> mapping of the Moon to determine its interior structure.<a href="#cite_note-LaunchCBS-46">[46]</a> The two small spacecraft GRAIL A (Ebb) and GRAIL B (Flow) separated soon after the launch and entered Lunar orbits on December 31, 2011, and January 1, 2012, respectively. The primary scientific phase was achieved in May 2012. After the extended mission phase, the two spacecraft impacted the Moon on December 17, 2012. MoonKAM (Moon Knowledge Acquired by Middle school students) was an education related sub-program and instrument of this mission.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">12

</th>

<th><a href="InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> (lander)

</td>

<td>May 5, 2018

</td>

<td><a href="Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> (401)

</td>

<td>721 kg (1,590 lb)

</td>

<td>November 2018

</td>

<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">Completed in 2022

</td>

<td>W. Bruce Banerdt (<a href="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a>)

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="9">Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport is a 358 kg lander reusing technology from the Mars <a href="Phoenix_lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix lander">Phoenix lander</a>. It was intended to study the interior structure and composition of Mars as well as to detect <a href="Marsquake" title="Marsquake">Marsquakes</a> and other seismic activity, advancing understanding of the formation and evolution of terrestrial planets.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Its launch was delayed from 2016 to May 2018.<a href="#cite_note-delay-51">[51]</a> The lander touched down successfully on November 26, 2018, at a site about 600 km (370 mi) from the <a href="Curiosity_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosity rover">Curiosity rover</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> It detected its first possible quake on April 6, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Dust accumulating on the lander's solar arrays gradually reduced available power over the course of the mission, and contact was lost on December 15, 2022.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">13

</th>

</th>

<td><a href="Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter trojans</a>

</td>

<td>October 16, 2021

</td>

<td><a href="Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> 401<a href="#cite_note-Lucy_launch-55">[55]</a>

</td>

</td>

<td>2025

</td>

<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">En route

</td>

<td><a href="Harold_F._Levison" title="Harold F. Levison">Harold F. Levison</a> (<a href="Southwest_Research_Institute" title="Southwest Research Institute">SwRI</a>)

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="9"><a href="Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a> is a space probe that will study multiple <a href="Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter trojan</a> asteroids. Named after the hominin <a href="Lucy_(Australopithecus)" title="Lucy (Australopithecus)">Lucy</a>, it will tour six <a href="Trojan_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojan asteroids">Trojan asteroids</a> in order to better understand the <a href="Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">formation and evolution of the Solar System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jobs-59">[59]</a> It was launched in October 2021.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Lucy will make two Earth flybys before arriving at Jupiter's L4 Trojan cloud in 2027 to visit <a href="3548_Eurybates" title="3548 Eurybates">3548 Eurybates</a> (with its satellite), <a href="15094_Polymele" title="15094 Polymele">15094 Polymele</a>, <a href="11351_Leucus" title="11351 Leucus">11351 Leucus</a>, and <a href="21900_Orus" title="21900 Orus">21900 Orus</a>. After an Earth flyby, Lucy will arrive at the L5 Trojan cloud (trails behind Jupiter) to visit the <a href="617_Patroclus" title="617 Patroclus">617 Patroclus</a>−Menoetius binary in 2033. It flew by the inner main-belt asteroid <a href="52246_Donaldjohanson" title="52246 Donaldjohanson">52246 Donaldjohanson</a> in 2025.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">14

</th>

<th><a href="Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a>

</th>

<td><a href="16_Psyche" title="16 Psyche">16 Psyche</a>

</td>

<td>October 13, 2023

</td>

<td><a href="Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a>

</td>

<td>2,608 kg

</td>

<td>2029

</td>

<td style="background: #9EFF9E; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-success">En route

</td>

<td><a href="Lindy_Elkins-Tanton" title="Lindy Elkins-Tanton">Lindy Elkins-Tanton</a> (<a href="Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">ASU</a>)

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="9"><a href="Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a> is an orbiter that will travel to and study the asteroid <a href="16_Psyche" title="16 Psyche">16 Psyche</a>, the most massive metallic asteroid in the <a href="Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>, thought to be the exposed iron core of a protoplanet.<a href="#cite_note-hou.usra.edu-62">[62]</a> Launched on 13 October 2023, it will arrive in 2029.<a href="#cite_note-jpl-20221028-63">[63]</a> It carries an imager, a magnetometer, and a gamma-ray spectrometer.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="2">15

</th>

<th><a href="DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>

</td>

<td>2031–2032

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned">In development

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="9">Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble Gases, Chemistry, and Imaging is an atmospheric probe that will study the chemical composition of Venus's atmosphere during descent. These measurements are important to understanding the origin of the Venusian atmosphere, how it has evolved, and how and why it is different from Earth and Mars. DAVINCI's measurements will reveal the history of <a href="Water_on_Venus" title="Water on Venus">water on Venus</a> and the chemical processes at work in the unexplored lower atmosphere. Before it reaches the surface, the DAVINCI probe will take the first ever photos of the planet's intriguing, ridged terrain (“<a href="Tessera_(Venus)" title="Tessera (Venus)">tesserae</a>”) to explore its origin and tectonic, volcanic, and weathering history.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-verge-20210602-67">[67]</a> The launch is planned for 2031–2032.<a href="#cite_note-aas-20240325-68">[68]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="2">16

</th>

<th><a href="VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a>

</th>

<td><a href="Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>

</td>

<td>2031

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-planned">In development

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="9">Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy is an orbiter mission that will map the surface of Venus with high resolution. A combination of topography, near-infrared <a href="Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a>, and radar image measurements would provide knowledge of Venus's tectonic and impact history, gravity, geochemistry, the timing and mechanisms of <a href="Volcanism_on_Venus" title="Volcanism on Venus">volcanic resurfacing</a>, and the mantle processes responsible for them. The launch is planned for 2031.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-space-20221104-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-verge-20210602-67">[67]</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missions_of_opportunity">Missions of opportunity</h3></div>

These provide opportunities to participate in non-NASA missions by providing funding for a science instrument or hardware components of an instrument, or for an extended mission for a spacecraft that may differ from its original purpose.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mars_Express#Scientific_instruments" title="Mars Express">ASPERA-3</a>, an instrument designed to study the interaction between the solar wind and the <a href="Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">atmosphere of Mars</a>, is flying on board the <a href="European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>'s <a href="Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> orbiter. Launched on 2 June 2003, it has been orbiting Mars since 30 December 2003.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The Principal Investigator is David Winningham of <a href="Southwest_Research_Institute" title="Southwest Research Institute">Southwest Research Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li>

<li>A NASA contribution to the joint <a href="European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> - <a href="CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a> <a href="NetLander" title="NetLander">NetLander</a> Mars meteorological mission was planned, consisting of meteorological, seismic, and geodetic instruments; however, the mission was terminated prior to its 2007 launch.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper" title="Moon Mineralogy Mapper">Moon Mineralogy Mapper</a> (M3) is a NASA-designed instrument placed on board the <a href="Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a>'s <a href="Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan</a> orbiter selected in February 2005.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Launched in 2008, it was designed to explore the Moon's mineral composition at high resolution. M3's detection of water on the Moon was announced in late September 2009, one month after the mission ended.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The Principal Investigator was <a href="Carle_Pieters" class="mw-redirect" title="Carle Pieters">Carle Pieters</a> of <a href="Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li>

<li><a href="EPOXI" title="EPOXI">Extrasolar Planet Observation and Deep Impact Extended Investigation</a> (EPOXI) was selected in July 2007.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-80">[80]</a> It was a series of two new missions for the existing <a href="Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a> probe following its success at Tempel 1:<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>

<ul><li>The Extrasolar Planet Observations and Characterization (EPOCh) mission used the Deep Impact high-resolution camera in 2008<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> to better characterize known giant <a href="Extrasolar_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planets">extrasolar planets</a> orbiting other stars and to search for additional planets in the same system, as well as to investigate possible moons and ring systems of said exoplanets. A secondary science goal was to better observe the earth in both infrared and visible light, in order to create better computer models of exoplanets.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The Principal Investigator was L. Drake Deming of NASA's <a href="Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> </li>

<li>The Deep Impact eXtended Investigation of Comets (DIXI) mission used the Deep Impact spacecraft for a flyby mission to a second comet, <a href="103P/Hartley" title="103P/Hartley">Hartley 2</a>. The goal was to take pictures of its nucleus to increase our understanding of the diversity of comets. The flyby of Hartley 2 was successful with closest approach occurring on November 4, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <a href="Michael_A'Hearn" title="Michael A'Hearn">Michael A'Hearn</a> of the <a href="University_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland">University of Maryland</a> was the Principal Investigator.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stardust_(spacecraft)#New_Exploration_of_Tempel_1_(NExT)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">New Exploration of Tempel 1</a> (NExT) was selected in July 2007 together with the EPOXI extension.<a href="#cite_note-:0-80">[80]</a> It was a new mission for the <a href="Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a> spacecraft to fly by comet <a href="9P/Tempel" class="mw-redirect" title="9P/Tempel">Tempel 1</a> in 2011 and observe changes since the Deep Impact mission visited it in July 2005. Later in 2005, Tempel 1 made its closest approach to the <a href="Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, possibly changing the surface of the comet. The flyby was completed successfully on February 15, 2011. <a href="Joseph_Veverka" title="Joseph Veverka">Joseph Veverka</a> of <a href="Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> is the Principal Investigator.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li>

<li><a href="BepiColombo#Mercury_Planetary_Orbiter" title="BepiColombo">Strofio</a> is a <a href="Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometer</a> that is a part of the SERENA instrument package on board the <a href="BepiColombo#Mercury_Planetary_Orbiter" title="BepiColombo">Mercury Planetary Orbiter</a> component of the <a href="European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA's</a> <a href="BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> mission. Strofio will study the atoms and molecules that compose <a href="Mercury's_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury's atmosphere">Mercury's atmosphere</a> to reveal the composition of the planet's surface. Stefano Livi of Southwest Research Institute is the Principal Investigator.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li>

<li><a href="Martian_Moons_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian Moons Exploration">MEGANE</a> (Mars-moon Exploration with GAmma rays and NEutrons) is an instrument planned to fly aboard the <a href="Martian_Moons_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian Moons Exploration">Martian Moons Exploration</a> (MMX), a <a href="Japanese_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency">Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency</a> (JAXA) probe to <a href="Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> and <a href="Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a> launching in 2026. MEGANE includes a <a href="Gamma_spectroscopy" title="Gamma spectroscopy">gamma-ray spectrometer</a> and a <a href="Neutron_spectroscopy" title="Neutron spectroscopy">neutron spectrometer</a>. David J. Lawrence of <a href="Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> is the Principal Investigator.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li>

<li><a href="EnVision#Instruments" title="EnVision">VenSAR</a> (Venus Synthetic Aperture Radar), is an instrument planned to fly aboard ESA's <a href="EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a> Venus orbiter. The principal investigator is <a href="Scott_Hensley" title="Scott Hensley">Scott Hensley</a>, <a href="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> NASA/California Institute of Technology.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li>

<li>In addition, the <a href="Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> was temporarily managed under the Discovery Program from the termination of the <a href="Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> until the creation of the <a href="Lunar_Discovery_and_Exploration_Program" title="Lunar Discovery and Exploration Program">Lunar Discovery and Exploration Program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NASABudget19Estimates-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-ClarkePres-95">[95]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mission_timeline">Mission timeline</h3></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposals_and_concepts">Proposals and concepts</h2></div>

However often the funding comes in, there is a selection process with perhaps two dozen concepts. These sometimes get further matured and re-proposed in another selection or program.<a href="#cite_note-nasa-96">[96]</a> An example of this is Suess-Urey Mission, which was passed over in favor of the successful <a href="Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a> mission, but was eventually flown as <a href="Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nasa-96">[96]</a> while a more extensive mission similar to INSIDE was flown as <a href="Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a> in the <a href="New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers program</a>. Some of these concepts went on to become actual missions, or similar concepts were eventually realized in another mission class. This list is a mix of previous and current proposals.

Additional examples of Discovery-class mission proposals include:

<ul><li><a href="Whipple_(spacecraft)" title="Whipple (spacecraft)">Whipple</a>, a space-observatory to detect objects in the <a href="Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a> by transit method.<a href="#cite_note-whipple-97">[97]</a></li>

<li><a href="Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a>, was proposed for missions 15 or 16, a Jupiter orbiter designed to make 10 flybys of the volcanically active moon <a href="Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McEwen2021LPSC-98">[98]</a></li>

<li><a href="Comet_Hopper" title="Comet Hopper">Comet Hopper</a> (CHopper), a mission to comet <a href="46P/Wirtanen" title="46P/Wirtanen">46P/Wirtanen</a> that would've utilised multiple short flights to repeatedly land on the comet's nucleus in order to map various geological processes such as <a href="Outgassing" title="Outgassing">outgassing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AdamsBrief-99">[99]</a></li>

<li><a href="Titan_Mare_Explorer" title="Titan Mare Explorer">Titan Mare Explorer</a> (TiME), a lander mission to explore one of the <a href="Lakes_of_Titan" title="Lakes of Titan">methane lakes</a> found in the north polar region of <a href="Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, a moon of <a href="Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li>

<li>Suess-Urey, similar to the later <a href="Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a> mission.<a href="#cite_note-nasa-96">[96]</a></li>

<li>Hermes, a Mercury orbiter.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> (similar to the <a href="MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a> Mercury orbiter)</li>

<li>INSIDE Jupiter, an orbiter that would map Jupiter's magnetic and gravity fields in an effort to study the giant planet's interior structure.<a href="#cite_note-finalists01-102">[102]</a> The concept was further matured and implemented as <a href="Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a> in the <a href="New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Space_Missions_Roster_2012-103">[103]</a></li>

<li>The Dust Telescope, a space observatory that would measure various properties of incoming <a href="Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">cosmic dust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dust-104">[104]</a> The dust telescope would combine a trajectory sensor and a <a href="Mass_spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass spectrometer">mass spectrometer</a>, to allow the elemental and even isotopic composition to be analyzed.<a href="#cite_note-dust-104">[104]</a></li>

<li>OSIRIS (Origins Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification and Security), an asteroid observation and sample return mission concept selected in 2006 for further concept studies.<a href="#cite_note-select-105">[105]</a> It further matured and launched September 8, 2016, as <a href="OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a> in the <a href="New_Frontiers_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="New Frontiers Program">New Frontiers Program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-factsheet-106">[106]</a></li>

<li>Small Body Grand Tour, an asteroid rendezvous mission.<a href="#cite_note-bodies-107">[107]</a> This 1993 concept reviews possible targets for what became NEAR— <a href="4660_Nereus" title="4660 Nereus">4660 Nereus</a> and <a href="2019_Van_Albada" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Van Albada">2019 Van Albada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bodies-107">[107]</a> Other targets considered for an extended mission included <a href="Encke's_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Encke's comet">Encke's comet</a> (2P), <a href="433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a>, <a href="1036_Ganymed" title="1036 Ganymed">1036 Ganymed</a>, <a href="4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">4 Vesta</a>, and <a href="4015_Wilson%E2%80%93Harrington" title="4015 Wilson–Harrington">4015 Wilson–Harrington</a> (1979 VA).<a href="#cite_note-bodies-107">[107]</a> (<a href="NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a> visited 433 Eros and <a href="Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a> visited 4 Vesta)<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-35">[35]</a></li>

<li>Comet Coma Rendezvous Sample Return, a spacecraft designed to rendezvous with a comet, make extended observations within the cometary coma (but not land on the comet), gently collect multiple coma samples, and return them to Earth for study.<a href="#cite_note-lpi_SaS-108">[108]</a> (Similar to <a href="Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a>)</li>

<li>Micro Exo Explorer, a spacecraft that would've utilised a new form of micro-electric propulsion, called 'Micro Electro-fluidic-spray Propulsion' to travel to a near Earth object and gather important data.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars_focused">Mars focused</h3></div>

<ul><li>Pascal, a Mars climate network mission.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></li>

<li>MUADEE (Mars Upper Atmosphere Dynamics, Energetics, and Evolution), an orbiter mission designed to study Mars's upper atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-delft-111">[111]</a> (similar to <a href="MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a> of the Mars Scout program)</li>

<li>PCROSS, similar to <a href="LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a>, but directed towards Mars's moon <a href="Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li>

<li>Merlin, a mission that would place a lander on Mars's moon <a href="Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li>

<li>Mars Moons Multiple Landings Mission (M4), would conduct multiple landings on Phobos and Deimos.<a href="#cite_note-lpi_4363-114">[114]</a></li>

<li>Hall, a Phobos and Deimos sample return mission.<a href="#cite_note-lpi_1633-115">[115]</a></li>

<li>Aladdin, a Phobos and Deimos sample return mission.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> It was a finalist in the 1999 Discovery selection, with a planned launch in 2001 and return of the samples by 2006.<a href="#cite_note-sr-117">[117]</a> Sample collection was intended to work by sending projectiles into the moons, then collecting the ejecta by means of a collector spacecraft flyby.<a href="#cite_note-sr-117">[117]</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a>, a lander that would investigate the springtime <a href="Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> <a href="Martian_geyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian geyser">Martian geysers</a> found in regions around the <a href="Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">Martian south pole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Geyser_Hopper-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li>

<li>MAGIC (Mars Geoscience Imaging at Centimeter-scale), an orbiter that would provide images of the Martian surface at 5–10 cm/pixel, permitting resolution of features as small as 20–40 cm.<a href="#cite_note-lpi_4325-120">[120]</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_Dragon_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Dragon (spacecraft)">Red Dragon</a>, a Mars lander and sample return.<a href="#cite_note-8m-121">[121]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_focused">Lunar focused</h3></div>

<ul><li>Lunar sample return from the <a href="South_Pole%E2%80%93Aitken_basin" title="South Pole–Aitken basin">South Pole–Aitken basin</a>, current geological models don't adequately describe the area and this mission would have attempted to solve this issue.<a href="#cite_note-lpi_8017-122">[122]</a></li>

<li>EXOMOON, in situ investigation on Earth's Moon.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></li>

<li>PSOLHO, would use the Moon as an occulter to look for exoplanets.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li>

<li>Lunette, a lunar lander.<a href="#cite_note-lpi_klaus-125">[125]</a></li>

<li>Twin Lunar Lander, a double lander mission to better understand the Moon's evolution and geology.<a href="#cite_note-lpi_2832-126">[126]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venus_focused">Venus focused</h3></div>

<ul><li>Venus Multiprobe, proposed for a 1999 launch, would have dropped 16 atmospheric probes into Venus, which would fall slowly to the surface, taking pressure and temperature measurements.<a href="#cite_note-nasa-96">[96]</a></li>

<li>Vesper, a concept for a Venus orbiter focused on studying the planet's atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-finalists-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-vesper-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> It was one of three concepts to receive funds for further study in the 2006 Discovery selection.<a href="#cite_note-vesper-129">[129]</a> Osiris and GRAIL were the other two, and eventually GRAIL was chosen and went on to be launched.<a href="#cite_note-select-105">[105]</a></li>

<li>V-STAR (Venus Sample Targeting, Attainment and Return), a Venus sample return mission with a goal of understanding Venus's evolution.<a href="#cite_note-vsr-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-trs_0542-132">[132]</a> The mission would have consisted of a <a href="Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> orbiter with an attached lander. The lander would fall through the Venusian atmosphere, collecting samples along the way, as well as after landing through the use of a "mole". Said lander would launch those samples into a low orbit, where they would rendezvous with the orbiter, returning the samples to Earth.<a href="#cite_note-vsr-131">[131]</a></li>

<li>VEVA (Venus Exploration of Volcanoes and Atmosphere), an atmospheric probe for Venus.<a href="#cite_note-veva-133">[133]</a> The main component is a 7-day balloon flight through the atmosphere accompanied by various small probes dropped deeper into the planet's thick gases.<a href="#cite_note-veva-133">[133]</a></li>

<li>Venus Pathfinder, a long-duration Venus lander.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></li>

<li>RAVEN, a Venus orbiter radar mapping mission.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li>

<li>VALOR, a Venus mission to study its atmosphere with a balloon.<a href="#cite_note-val-136">[136]</a> Twin balloons would circumnavigate the planet over 8 Earth-days.<a href="#cite_note-val-136">[136]</a></li>

<li>Venus Aircraft, a robotic atmospheric flight on Venus's atmosphere using a long-duration solar-powered aircraft system.<a href="#cite_note-VenusAirplane-137">[137]</a> It would carry 1.5 kg of scientific payload and would contend with violent wind, heat and a corrosive atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-VenusAirplane-137">[137]</a></li>

<li><a href="Venus_Landsailing_Rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus Landsailing Rover">Zephyr</a>, a rover concept that would be propelled by the wind force on its vertical wingsail. Conceived in 2012, the project has since made progress in developing electronic components that would allow the vehicle to operate for 50 days on the surface of Venus without a cooling system.<a href="#cite_note-Zephyr_2015_Report-138">[138]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selection_process">Selection process</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_1_and_2">Discovery 1 and 2</h3></div>

The first two Discovery missions were <a href="NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR)</a> (later called Shoemaker NEAR) and <a href="Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a>. These initial missions did not follow the same selection process that started once the program was under-way.<a href="#cite_note-mars.nasa.gov-139">[139]</a> Mars Pathfinder was salvaged from the idea for a technology and EDL demonstrator from the <a href="Mars_Environmental_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Environmental Survey">Mars Environmental Survey</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-mars.nasa.gov-139">[139]</a> One of the goals of Pathfinder was to support the Mars Surveyor program.<a href="#cite_note-mars.nasa.gov-139">[139]</a> Later missions would be selected by a more sequential process involving Announcements of Opportunity.<a href="#cite_note-mars.nasa.gov-139">[139]</a>

In the case of NEAR, a working group for the program recommended that the first mission should be to a <a href="Near-Earth_asteroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Earth asteroid">near-Earth asteroid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-techdigest.jhuapl.edu-140">[140]</a> A series of proposals limited to missions to a near-Earth asteroid missions were reviewed in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-techdigest.jhuapl.edu-140">[140]</a> What would be the NEAR spacecraft mission was formally selected in December 1993, after which began a 2-year development period prior to launch.<a href="#cite_note-techdigest.jhuapl.edu-140">[140]</a> NEAR was launched on February 15, 1996, and arrived to orbit <a href="433_Eros" title="433 Eros">asteroid Eros</a> on February 14, 2000.<a href="#cite_note-techdigest.jhuapl.edu-140">[140]</a> <a href="Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> launched on December 4, 1996, and landed on Mars on July 4, 1997, bringing along with it the first NASA Mars rover, Sojourner.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_3_and_4">Discovery 3 and 4</h3></div>

In August 1994, NASA made an Announcement of Opportunity for the next proposed Discovery missions.<a href="#cite_note-d95-142">[142]</a> There were 28 proposals submitted to NASA in October 1994:<a href="#cite_note-d95-142">[142]</a>

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<ol><li>ASTER - Asteroid Earth Return</li>

<li>Comet Nucleus Penetrator</li>

<li>Comet Nucleus Tour (CONTOUR)</li>

<li>Cometary Coma Chemical Composition (C4)</li>

<li>Diana (Lunar and Cometary Mission)</li>

<li>FRESIP-A mission to Find the Frequency of Earth-sized Inner Planets</li>

<li>Hermes Global Orbiter (Mercury Orbiter)</li>

<li>Icy Moon Mission (Lunar Orbiter)</li>

<li>Interlune-One (Lunar Rovers)<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></li>

<li>Jovian Integrated Synoptic Telescope (IO Torus investigation)</li>

<li>Lunar Discovery Orbiter<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a> (Lunar Orbiter) – chosen in February 1995 for Discovery 3.</li>

<li>Mainbelt Asteroid Exploration/Rendezvous</li>

<li>Mars Aerial Platform (Atmospheric)</li>

<li>Mars Polar Pathfinder (Polar Lander)</li>

<li>Mars Upper Atmosphere Dynamics, Energetics and Evolution</li>

<li>Mercury Polar Flyby</li>

<li>Near Earth Asteroid Returned Sample</li>

<li>Origin of Asteroids, Comets and Life on Earth</li>

<li>PELE: A Lunar Mission to Study Planetary Volcanism</li>

<li>Planetary Research Telescope</li>

<li>Rendezvous with a Comet Nucleus (RECON)</li>

<li>Suess-Urey (Solar Wind Sample Return) – Discovery 4 finalist.</li>

<li>Small Missions to Asteroids and Comets</li>

<li><a href="Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a> (Cometary/Interstellar Dust Return) – Discovery 4 finalist.</li>

<li>Venus Composition Probe (Atmospheric)</li>

<li>Venus Environmental Satellite (Atmospheric)</li>

<li>Venus Multi-Probe Mission (Atmospheric)<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> – Discovery 4 finalist.</li></ol>

</div>

In February 1995, <a href="Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a>, a lunar orbiter mission, was selected for launch. Three other missions were left to undergo a further selection later in 1995 for the fourth Discovery mission: Stardust, Suess-Urey, and Venus Multiprobe.<a href="#cite_note-d95-142">[142]</a> <a href="Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a>, a comet sample-return mission, was selected in November 1995 over the two other finalists.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-146">[146]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_5_and_6">Discovery 5 and 6</h3></div>

In October 1997, NASA selected <a href="Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a> and <a href="CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a> as the next Discovery missions, out of 34 proposals that were submitted in December 1996.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a>

The five finalists were:<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a>

<ul><li>Aladdin (Mars moon sample return)</li>

<li>Comet Nucleus Tour (<a href="CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a> (Solar wind sample return)</li>

<li>Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging mission (<a href="MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a>)</li>

<li>Venus Environmental Satellite (VESAT)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_7_and_8">Discovery 7 and 8</h3></div>

In July 1999, NASA selected <a href="MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a> and <a href="Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a> as the next Discovery Program missions.<a href="#cite_note-nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov-149">[149]</a> MESSENGER was the first <a href="Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> orbiter and mission to that planet since <a href="Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov-149">[149]</a> Both missions targeted a launch in late 2004 and the cost was constrained at about US$300 million each.<a href="#cite_note-nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov-149">[149]</a>

In 1998 five finalists had been selected to receive US$375,000 to further mature their design concept.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1998-150">[150]</a> The five proposals were selected out of about 30 with the goal of achieving the best science.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1998-150">[150]</a> Those missions were:<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1998-150">[150]</a>

<ul><li>Aladdin</li>

<li><a href="Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></li>

<li><a href="MErcury_Surface%2C_Space_ENvironment%2C_GEochemistry_and_Ranging" class="mw-redirect" title="MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging">MESSENGER</a></li>

<li>INSIDE Jupiter</li>

<li>Vesper</li></ul>

Aladdin and MESSENGER were also finalists in the 1997 selection.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1998-150">[150]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_9_and_10">Discovery 9 and 10</h3></div>

26 proposals were submitted to the 2000 Discovery solicitation, with budget initially targeted at US$300 million.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-151">[151]</a> Three candidates were shortlisted in January 2001 for a phase-A design study: <a href="Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a>, <a href="Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a>, and INSIDE Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> INSIDE Jupiter was similar to a later New Frontiers mission called <a href="Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a>; Dawn was a mission to asteroids <a href="4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a> and <a href="Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>, and Kepler was a space telescope mission aimed to discover <a href="Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planet">extrasolar planets</a>. The three finalists received US$450,000 to further mature the mission concept.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a>

In December 2001, Kepler and Dawn were selected for flight.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2001-154">[154]</a> At this time, only 80 exoplanets had been detected, and the main mission of Kepler to look for more exoplanets, especially Earth-sized.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2001-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Both Kepler and Dawn were initially projected for launch in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-151">[151]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_11">Discovery 11</h3></div>

The original Announcement of Opportunity for a Discovery mission released on April 16, 2004.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The only candidate for selection for a concept Phase A study was JASSI, which was a Jupiter flyby mission based on the New Frontiers Mission Juno that was already under consideration for final selection (eventually Juno was selected as the 2nd New Frontiers mission in 2005 and launched in 2011). No other discovery mission proposed in response to the Announcement of Opportunity was considered for concept study and therefore no Discovery mission was selected for this opportunity (although a mission of opportunity was selected (Moon Mineralogy Mapper) as part of the AO in 2004<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a>). The next Announcement of Opportunity for a Discovery mission was released on January 3, 2006.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> There were three finalists for this Discovery selection including <a href="GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a> (the eventual winner), OSIRIS, and VESPER.<a href="#cite_note-google1-159">[159]</a> OSIRIS was very similar to the later <a href="OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a> mission, an asteroid sample-return mission to <a href="101955_Bennu" title="101955 Bennu">101955 Bennu</a>, and Vesper, a Venus orbiter mission.<a href="#cite_note-google1-159">[159]</a> A previous proposal of Vesper had also been a finalist in the 1998 round of selection.<a href="#cite_note-google1-159">[159]</a> The three finalists were announced in October 2006 and awarded US$1.2 million to further develop their proposals for the final round.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2006-160">[160]</a>

In November 2007 NASA selected the GRAIL mission as the next Discovery mission, with a goal of mapping lunar gravity and a 2011 launch.<a href="#cite_note-nbcnews1-161">[161]</a> There were 23 other proposals that were also under consideration.<a href="#cite_note-nbcnews1-161">[161]</a> The mission had a budget of US$375 million (then-year dollars) which included construction and launch.<a href="#cite_note-nbcnews1-161">[161]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_12">Discovery 12</h3></div>

The Announcement of Opportunity for a Discovery mission released on June 7, 2010. For this cycle, 28 proposals were received; 3 were for the Moon, 4 for Mars, 7 for Venus, 1 for Jupiter, 1 to a Jupiter Trojan, 2 to Saturn, 7 to asteroids, and 3 to comets.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Out of the 28 proposals, three finalists received US$3 million in May 2011 to develop a detailed concept study:<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a>

<ul><li><a href="InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a>, a Mars lander.</li>

<li><a href="Titan_Mare_Explorer" title="Titan Mare Explorer">Titan Mare Explorer</a> (TiME), a lake lander for <a href="Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>'s moon <a href="Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> with methane-ethane lakes.</li>

<li><a href="Comet_Hopper" title="Comet Hopper">Comet Hopper</a> (CHopper) to study cometary evolution by landing on a comet multiple times and observing its changes as it interacts with the Sun.</li></ul>

In August 2012, <a href="InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a> was selected for development and launch.<a href="#cite_note-washington-165">[165]</a> The mission launched on May 5, 2018, and successfully landed on Mars on November 26.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_13_and_14">Discovery 13 and 14</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Selection_of_Discovery_Mission_13_and_14" title="Selection of Discovery Mission 13 and 14">Selection of Discovery Mission 13 and 14</a></div>

In February 2014, NASA released a Discovery Program 'Draft Announcement of Opportunity' for launch readiness date of December 31, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The final AO was released on November 5, 2014, and on September 30, 2015, NASA selected five mission concepts as finalists,<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-selection_1st_round-170">[170]</a> each received $3 million for one-year of further study and concept refinement.<a href="#cite_note-laser2015-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a>

<ul><li><a href="DAVINCI_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="DAVINCI (spacecraft)">Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging</a> (DAVINCI)</li>

<li><a href="VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR Topography and Spectroscopy</a> (VERITAS)</li>

<li><a href="Near-Earth_Object_Camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Earth Object Camera">Near-Earth Object Camera</a> (NEOCam)</li>

<li><a href="Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></li></ul>

On January 4, 2017, <a href="Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a> and <a href="Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a> were selected for the 13th and 14th Discovery missions, respectively and launched on 16 October 2021 and 13 October 2023, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-nasataps-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasaselectslucypsyche-173">[173]</a> Lucy will fly by five <a href="Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter trojans</a>, <a href="Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> which share Jupiter's <a href="Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> around the <a href="Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, orbiting either ahead of or behind the planet.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20170106-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasaselectslucypsyche-173">[173]</a> Psyche will explore the origin of <a href="Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">planetary cores</a> by orbiting and studying the metallic asteroid <a href="16_Psyche" title="16 Psyche">16 Psyche</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20170106-174">[174]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_15_and_16">Discovery 15 and 16</h3></div>

On December 22, 2018, NASA released a draft of its Discovery 2019 Announcement of Opportunity, which outlined its intent to select up to two missions with launch readiness dates of July 1, 2025 – December 31, 2026, and/or July 1, 2028 – December 31, 2029, as Discovery 15 and 16, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_19AO-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The final Announcement of Opportunity was released on April 1, 2019, and proposal submissions were accepted between then and July 1, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a>

Finalists, announced on February 13, 2020, were:<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a>

<ul><li><a href="DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a> (Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging), a Venus atmospheric probe.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></li>

<li><a href="Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a>, an orbiter to Jupiter to perform at least nine flybys of Jupiter's volcanically active moon <a href="Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li>

<li><a href="Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a>, a probe that would conduct a flyby of <a href="Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> and its moon <a href="Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trident_Description-181">[181]</a></li>

<li><a href="VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a> (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy), a Venus orbiter to map the surface of Venus in high resolution.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></li></ul>

On June 2, 2021, NASA administrator <a href="Bill_Nelson" title="Bill Nelson">Bill Nelson</a> announced in his "State of NASA" address that the two Venus missions, <a href="VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a> and <a href="DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a>, had been selected for development.<a href="#cite_note-space-20221104-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a> The two missions will launch between 2031 and 2032.<a href="#cite_note-aas-20240325-68">[68]</a>

Other proposal submissions for Discovery 15 and 16 missions included:

<dl><dt>Asteroids, comets, Centaurs, interplanetary dust</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Centaurus_(spacecraft_mission)" title="Centaurus (spacecraft mission)">Centaurus</a>, a reconnaissance mission to explore multiple <a href="Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a> via flybys as a way to learn about Solar System and planet formation.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></li>

<li><a href="Chimera_(spacecraft)" title="Chimera (spacecraft)">Chimera</a>, a mission concept to orbit the highly active <a href="Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaur</a> 29P/<a href="29P/Schwassmann%E2%80%93Wachmann" title="29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann">Schwassmann-Wachmann 1</a>, to study the evolutionary middle ground between the <a href="Trans_Neptunian_Object" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans Neptunian Object">Trans Neptunian Objects</a> (TNOs) and Jupiter Family Comets.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></li>

<li>FOSSIL (Fragments from the Origins of the Solar System and our Interstellar Locale), a spacecraft to be placed in an Earth-trailing orbit to determine the composition of the local and <a href="Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">interplanetary dust cloud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></li>

<li><a href="MANTIS_(spacecraft)" title="MANTIS (spacecraft)">MANTIS</a> (Main-belt Asteroid and NEO Tour with Imaging and Spectroscopy), a mission that would flyby 14 asteroids covering a wide range of types and masses.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Venus</dt>

<ul><li>HOVER (Hyperspectral Observer for Venus Reconnaissance), a Venus orbiter that would perform spectral studies from the top of the atmosphere to the surface. Its main goal is understanding the mechanics of the Venus climate and atmospheric super-rotation.<a href="#cite_note-HOVER_EPSC_2019-188">[188]</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a>, a lunar lander which would deploy a rover to rappel down a deep pit, analyzing the exposed geological layers and investigate if the pit connects to a <a href="Lunar_lava_tube" title="Lunar lava tube">lava tube</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Issa_2019-189">[189]</a></li>

<li>Lunar Compass Rover, a rover designed to explore a nearside magnetic region and <a href="Lunar_swirls" title="Lunar swirls">swirl</a>, and would answer some questions in planetary science, including planetary magnetism, <a href="Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">space plasma</a> physics, space weathering, planetary geology, and the <a href="Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">lunar water</a> cycle. A proposal for Lunar Compass was not submitted to this Discovery round.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></li>

<li><a href="ISOCHRON_(spacecraft)" title="ISOCHRON (spacecraft)">ISOCHRON</a> (Inner SOlar system CHRONology), a mission that would perform a robotic lunar sample-return of the youngest <a href="Lunar_mare" title="Lunar mare">mare basalts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></li>

<li>NanoSWARM, a lunar orbiter to investigate <a href="Lunar_swirls" title="Lunar swirls">lunar swirls</a>, space weathering, <a href="Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">lunar water</a>, lunar magnetism, and small-scale magnetospheres.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>COMPASS (Climate Orbiter for Mars Polar Atmospheric and Subsurface Science) is a mission concept for a Mars orbiter to research the Martian climate record through the study of its ice deposits and their interaction with current climate.<a href="#cite_note-Byrne_EPSC_2019-193">[193]</a> This mission is led by the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona and the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado, Boulder.<a href="#cite_note-Byrne_EPSC_2019-193">[193]</a></li>

<li><a href="Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a>, a mission concept led by the <a href="Ames_Research_Center" title="Ames Research Center">Ames Research Center</a> for a lander to search for direct signs of life on Mars via biomarker detection, with a focus on sampling ice-cemented ground for its potential to preserve and protect biomolecules or biosignatures.<a href="#cite_note-LPI_2012-194">[194]</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Jupiter</dt></dl>

<ul><li>MAGIC (Magnetics, Altimetry, Gravity and Imaging of Callisto) is an orbiter reconnaissance concept to Jupiter's moon <a href="Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_EPSC_MAGIC_2019-195">[195]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_17_and_beyond">Discovery 17 and beyond</h3></div>

On August 24, 2023, NASA announced that due to budgetary constraints enacted through the <a href="Fiscal_Responsibility_Act_of_2023" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023">Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023</a>, the official release of the Announcement of Opportunity for the <a href="New_Frontiers_program#New_Frontiers_5" title="New Frontiers program">fifth mission</a> in the Discovery Program's "big sibling" program, New Frontiers, would be delayed to no earlier than 2026.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> In October 2023, Planetary Science Division Director <a href="Lori_Glaze" title="Lori Glaze">Lori Glaze</a> presented to the National Academies' Committee on Astrobiology and Planetary Science on the implications of these resource constraints, noting that there were unlikely to be solicitations for further Discovery missions until at least 2026 either.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artists'_impressions">Artists' impressions</h3></div>

<th colspan="6">Discovery Program

</th></tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a> 1996

</td>

<td><a href="Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> 1996

</td>

<td><a href="Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a> 1998

</td>

<td><a href="Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a> 1999

</td>

<td><a href="Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a> 2001

</td>

<td><a href="CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a> 2002

</td></tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a> 2004

</td>

<td><a href="Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a> 2005

</td>

<td><a href="Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a> 2007

</td>

<td><a href="Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a> 2009

</td>

<td><a href="Gravity_Recovery_and_Interior_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory">GRAIL</a> 2011

</td>

<td><a href="InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a> 2018

</td></tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a> 2021

</td>

<td><a href="Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a> 2023

</td>

<td><a href="DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a> 2031–2032

</td>

<td><a href="VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a> 2031

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mission_insignias">Mission insignias</h3></div>

This section includes an image of the Discovery missions' patches or logos, as well as the launch year.

<th colspan="6">Discovery Program

</th></tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a> 1996

</td>

<td><a href="Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> 1996

</td>

<td><a href="Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a> 1998

</td>

<td><a href="Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a> 1999

</td>

<td><a href="Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a> 2001

</td>

<td><a href="CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a> 2002

</td></tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a> 2004

</td>

<td><a href="Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a> 2005

</td>

<td><a href="Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a> 2007

</td>

<td><a href="Kepler_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler (spacecraft)">Kepler</a> 2009

</td>

<td><a href="Gravity_Recovery_and_Interior_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory">GRAIL</a> 2011

</td>

<td><a href="InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a> 2018

</td></tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a> 2021

</td>

<td><a href="Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a> 2023

</td>

<td><a href="DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a> 2031–2032

</td>

<td><a href="VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a> 2031

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launches">Launches</h3></div>

This section includes an image of the Discovery missions' rockets, as well as the launch year.

<th colspan="6">Discovery Program

</th></tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a> 1996

</td>

<td><a href="Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> 1996

</td>

<td><a href="Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a> 1998

</td>

<td><a href="Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a> 1999

</td>

<td><a href="Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a> 2001

</td>

<td><a href="CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a> 2002

</td></tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a> 2004

</td>

<td><a href="Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a> 2005

</td>

<td><a href="Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a> 2007

</td>

<td><a href="Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a> 2009

</td>

<td><a href="Gravity_Recovery_and_Interior_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory">GRAIL</a> 2011

</td>

<td><a href="InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a> 2018

</td></tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a> 2021

</td>

<td><a href="Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a> 2023

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Issa_2019-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Issa_2019_189-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8741788">Moon Diver: A Discovery Mission Concept for Understanding the History of Secondary Crusts through the Exploration of a Lunar Mare Pit.</a> Issa A. Nesnas, Laura Kerber, Aaron Parness, Richard Kornfeld, Glenn Sellar, etal. 2019 IEEE Aerospace Conference. 2–9 March 2019. Big Sky, MT, USA. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FAERO.2019.8741788">10.1109/AERO.2019.8741788</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm18/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/347040">Key Questions in Planetary Science to be Addressed by Exploration of a Lunar Magnetic Anomaly: The Lunar Compass Rover Discovery Mission Concept.</a> David T. Blewett, Jasper S. Halekas, Benjamin T. Greenhagen, etal. AGU Fall Meeting, Washington DC, 14 December 2018.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/pdf/1110.pdf">The Inner Solar System Chronology (ISOCHRON) Discovery Mission: Returning Samples of the Youngest Lunar Mare Basalts.</a> D. S. Draper, R. L. Klima, S. J. Lawrence, B. W. Denevi, and the ISOCHRON Team. 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2132).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/pdf/2786.pdf">NanoSWARM: A Proposed Discovery Mission to Study Space Weathering, Lunar Water, lunar magnetism, and small-scale magnetospheres.</a> 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2132).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Byrne_EPSC_2019-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Byrne_EPSC_2019_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Byrne_EPSC_2019_193-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC-DPS2019/EPSC-DPS2019-912-1.pdf">Climate Orbiter for Mars Polar Atmospheric and Subsurface Science (COMPASS): Deciphering the Martian Climate Record.</a> S. Byrne, P. O. Hayne, P. Becerra, The COMPASS Team. EPSC Abstracts Vol. 13, EPSC-DPS2019-912-1, 2019 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-LPI_2012-194"><a href="#cite_ref-LPI_2012_194-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcKay,_C._P.Carol_R._StokerBrian_J._GlassArwen_I._Davé2012" class="citation journal cs1">McKay, C. P.; Carol R. Stoker; Brian J. Glass; Arwen I. Davé; Alfonso F. Davila; Jennifer L. Heldmann; Margarita M. Marinova; Alberto G. Fairen; Richard C. Quinn; Kris A. Zacny; Gale Paulsen; Peter H. Smith; Victor Parro; Dale T. Andersen; Michael H. Hecht; Denis Lacelle & Wayne H. Pollard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/marsconcepts2012/pdf/4091.pdf">"THE ICEBREAKER LIFE MISSION TO MARS: A SEARCH FOR BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE FOR LIFE"</a> (PDF). Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration. <a href="Lunar_and_Planetary_Institute" title="Lunar and Planetary Institute">Lunar and Planetary Institute</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Smith_EPSC_MAGIC_2019-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_EPSC_MAGIC_2019_195-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC-DPS2019/EPSC-DPS2019-363-1.pdf">MAGIC, A Proposed Geophysical Mission to Jupiter's Icy Moon, Callisto.</a> David E. Smith, Terry Hurford, Maria T. Zuber, Robin Canup, Francis Nimmo, Mark Wieczorek, Edward Bierhaus, Antonio Genova, Erwan Mazarico and the MAGIC Team. EPSC Abstracts Vol. 13, EPSC-DPS2019-363-1, 2019 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFoust2023" class="citation web cs1">Foust, Jeff (August 28, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/nasa-confirms-multi-year-delay-in-next-new-frontiers-competition/">"NASA confirms multi-year delay in next New Frontiers competition"</a>. <a href="SpaceNews" title="SpaceNews">SpaceNews</a>. Retrieved August 31, 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGlaze2023" class="citation conference cs1">Glaze, Lori (October 24, 2023). "Planetary Science Division Update". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/documents/embed/link/LF2255DA3DD1C41C0A42D3BEF0989ACAECE3053A6A9B/file/DB5A7F1704EF6D9AA343457C70C7D0477572C5D6EEA0?noSaveAs=1">Presentation to Committee on Astrobiology and Planetary Sciences Autumn 2023 Meeting</a>. Irvine CA: National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine. Retrieved March 1, 2025.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/planetarymissions/discovery.html">Official NASA website for Discovery Program</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA_Planetary_Missions_Program_Office395" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="NASA_Planetary_Missions_Program_Office395" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Planetary Missions Program Office</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Discovery_program395" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a></li>

<li><a href="Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li>

<li><a href="Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></li>

<li><a href="CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a>†</li>

<li><a href="MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></li>

<li><a href="Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a></li>

<li><a href="GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li>

<li><a href="InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></li>

<li><a href="Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></li>

<li><a href="DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li>

<li><a href="VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Opportunity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mars_Express#Scientific_instruments" title="Mars Express">ASPERA-3</a></li>

<li><a href="EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_Mineralogy_Mapper" title="Moon Mineralogy Mapper">Moon Mineralogy Mapper</a></li>

<li><a href="BepiColombo#Mercury_Planetary_Orbiter" title="BepiColombo">Strofio</a></li>

<li><a href="Martian_Moons_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian Moons Exploration">MEGANE</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Finalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Mission 12

<ul><li><a href="Comet_Hopper" title="Comet Hopper">Comet Hopper</a></li>

<li><a href="Titan_Mare_Explorer" title="Titan Mare Explorer">Titan Mare Explorer</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Selection_of_Discovery_Mission_13_and_14" title="Selection of Discovery Mission 13 and 14">Mission 13 and 14</a>

<ul><li><a href="Near-Earth_Object_Camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Earth Object Camera">NEOCam</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Mission 15 and 16

<ul><li><a href="Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a></li>

<li><a href="Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder</a></li>

<li><a href="Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li>

<li><a href="ISOCHRON_(spacecraft)" title="ISOCHRON (spacecraft)">ISOCHRON</a></li>

<li><a href="MANTIS_(spacecraft)" title="MANTIS (spacecraft)">MANTIS</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a></li>

<li><a href="Phobos_And_Deimos_%26_Mars_Environment" title="Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment">PADME</a></li>

<li><a href="Phobos_Surveyor" title="Phobos Surveyor">Phobos Surveyor</a></li>

<li><a href="Whipple_(spacecraft)" title="Whipple (spacecraft)">Whipple</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Frontiers_program395" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Missions8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:176px">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></li>

<li><a href="OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li>

<li><a href="Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Finalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Mission 2

<ul><li><a href="MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Mission 3

<ul><li><a href="MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li>

<li>Mission 4

<ul><li><a href="CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:75px">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Comet_Nucleus_Dust_and_Organics_Return" title="Comet Nucleus Dust and Organics Return">CONDOR</a></li>

<li><a href="Comet_Rendezvous%2C_Sample_Acquisition%2C_Investigation%2C_and_Return" title="Comet Rendezvous, Sample Acquisition, Investigation, and Return">CORSAIR</a></li>

<li><a href="Enceladus_Life_Signatures_and_Habitability" title="Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability">ELSAH</a></li>

<li><a href="Oceanus_(Titan_orbiter)" title="Oceanus (Titan orbiter)">Oceanus</a></li>

<li><a href="SPRITE_(spacecraft)" title="SPRITE (spacecraft)">SPRITE</a></li>

<li><a href="Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">VISAGE</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Solar_System_Exploration_program395" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Planetary_Missions_Program_Office#Solar_System_Exploration" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Solar System Exploration program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Missions8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:176px">Missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">JUICE instruments</a></li>

<li><a href="Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>Underline indicates active current missions</li>

<li>Italics indicate missions yet to launch</li>

<li>Symbol † indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA_planetary_exploration_programs138" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="NASA_planetary_exploration_programs138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">planetary exploration</a> programs</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Large_strategic_science_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Large strategic science missions">Large strategic science missions</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Discovery_and_Exploration_Program" title="Lunar Discovery and Exploration Program">Lunar Discovery & Exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_Missions_Program_Office" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Planetary Missions</a>

<ul>

<li><a href="New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_Missions_Program_Office#Solar_System_Exploration" title="Planetary Missions Program Office">Solar System Exploration</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_Worlds_Exploration_Program" title="Ocean Worlds Exploration Program">Ocean Worlds Exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Completed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li>

<li><a href="MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li>

<li><a href="Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Grand_Tour_program" title="Grand Tour program">Grand Tour</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li>

<li><a href="Voyager_program_(Mars)" title="Voyager program (Mars)">Voyager (Mars)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">List of NASA missions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA578" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="NASA578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History (<a href="Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li>

<li><a href="Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li>

<li><a href="Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li>

<li><a href="Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li>

<li><a href="Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li>

<li><a href="Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li>

<li><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li>

<li><a href="Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li>

<li><a href="Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li>

<li><a href="President's_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li>

<li><a href="Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a>

<ul><li><a href="Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li>

<li><a href="Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a>

<ul><li><a href="NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li>

<li><a href="Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li>

<li><a href="Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li>

<li><a href="Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li>

<li><a href="Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a> (with <a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li>

<li><a href="Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li>

<li><a href="Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li>

<li><a href="Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li>

<li><a href="MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Surveyor_'98" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li>

<li><a href="Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li>

<li><a href="Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li>

<li><a href="Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured <a href="List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a> (human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li>

<li><a href="Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></li>

<li><a href="Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li>

<li><a href="GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li>

<li><a href="Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit rover</a></li>

<li><a href="LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li>

<li><a href="MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li>

<li><a href="Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></li>

<li><a href="Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity rover</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li>

<li><a href="InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)">Ingenuity helicopter</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li>

<li><a href="Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a></li>

<li><a href="THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity rover</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li>

<li><a href="Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></li>

<li><a href="MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li>

<li><a href="OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-APEX</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li>

<li><a href="Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li>

<li><a href="VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li>

<li><a href="Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li>

<li><a href="Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a>

<li><a href="List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a>

<li><a href="Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)">Solar System Family Portrait</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></li>

<li><a href="Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li>

<li><a href="Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li>

<li><a href="Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li>

<li><a href="Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day" title="Astronomy Picture of the Day">Astronomy Picture of the Day</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>"<a href="We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Astronaut_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a>

<ul><li><a href="Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li>

<li><a href="Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li>

<li><a href="Fe%2C_Fi%2C_Fo%2C_Fum%2C_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li>

<li><a href="Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li>

<li><a href="NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li>

<li><a href="Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:NASA">Commons</a></li></ul>

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